Agre, P. (1995). Institutional circuitry: thinking about the forms and uses of information. Information Technology and Libraries, 14(4), 225-230.

Association of Research Libraries. (1999). ARL office of scholarly communication.

Bailey, C. W. (1999). Scholarly electronic publishing bibliography. University of Houston Libraries.

Barlow, J. P. (1994). The economy of ideas: a framework for rethinking patents and copyrights in the digital age (everything you know about intellectual property is wrong). Wired, 2, 84-90, 126-129.

Cambridge, D. (1996). Tagging and text encoding annotated bibliography.

Cameron, R. D. (1997). A universal citation database as a catalyst for reform in scholarly communication. First Monday, 2 (4).

Campbell, J. D. (1995). Intellectual property in the networked world: balancing fair use and commercial interests. Library Acquisitions Theory and Practice, 19 (2), 179-184.

Caws-Elwitt, H. (1998). Copyright, competition, and reselling of government information: impact on dissemination. Katherine Sharp Review, 7 (Summer).

Chodorow, S., & Lyman, P. (1998). The future of scholarly communication. In P. Battin & B. L. Hawkins (Eds.), Mirage of continuity (pp. 61-78). Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources.

Choi, S.-Y., Stahl, D. O., & Whinston, A. B. (1997). The economics of electronic commerce. Indianapolis: Macmillan.
     A thorough introduction to the economics of digital information and to the Internet as a means of communicating that information. Focuses particularly on how information should be priced.

Cronin, B., & Overfelt, C. (1995). E-journals and tenure [brief communication]. Journals of the
     American Society for Information Science, 46, 700-703.
    This article reviews tenure and promotion guidelines from a selection of colleges and universities for any references to electronic publication. Although the article is five years old, it provides a good overview of the main consideration for tenure committees examining published work. That consideration is the quality of the journal in which the work was published, particularly as gauged by "rigorous peer review" (702).

Darton, R. (1999, March 18). The new age of the book. New York Review of Books, 46, 5-7.
     The author examines the circumstances surrounding the crisis in scholarly monograph publishing, focusing on the historical role of scholarly publishing, current trends, and what role the monograph may assume in the future. In examining the current status of the scholarly monograph, the author notes how the crisis in scientific journal pricing is affecting the ability of libraries to purchase the types of expensive monographs that they had previously purchased. University presses are presently exploring the possibility of electronic monographs and the author foresees a future where both publishers and libraries will utilize electronic monographs to improve access to information. To exhibit the potential benefits of an electronic monograph, the author introduces a multilayered model which future electronic monographs could follow. This model would state an author's argument at the top layer, and subsequent layers would provide the context of the author's argument, links to similar works, and replies to the author's thesis.

Directory of electronic journals, newsletters and academic discussion lists. (1997). (Seventh).
     Association of Research Libraries.
     Available: http://www.arl.org:591/ (username: dej; password: online) [1999, 4/12].
     This directory offers browse, keyword, and subject searching of an extensive list of online scholarly communication sources in a wide variety of formats. Each entry provides URL and email address information, along with individual contacts, association contacts, subscriber information, and applicable information, e.g., peer review status. With the exponential expansion of electronic journals, newsletters, and academic discussion lists, this resource will become more valuable with each edition.

Faulkner, L. R. (1999). Tenured and tenure-track academic promotions and other changes in academic
     rank/status for 1999-2000. University of Texas.
     Available: http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/admin/evpp/faculty/tenure/PresMemo.html [1999, 3/3].
    This memorandum was written by the President of the University of Texas-Austin (UT). The site is valuable because, in addition to the text of the memorandum, there are links to the guidelines for those applying for tenure. Anyone considering applying for a tenure-track position at UT should review this information. The site was of value to this group as a resource for determining where UT stands today regarding what criteria are important for consideration in a tenure review.

Finkin, M. W. (1996). The case for tenure. Ithaca, NY: IRL Press.
     The pages 190-198 from The Case for Tenure deals with criticism facing the institution of tenure. One point of view holds that there is no further need for tenure, as the court system and the First Amendment of the Constitution serve the same purpose. Another view asserts that tenure grants too much academic freedom. This attack on tenure may affect the impact of information networks on tenure; if tenure no longer exists, networks will not influence it.

Gassaway, L. N. (1994). Copyright in the electronic era. The Serials Librarian, 24(3/4), 153-162.
     Gassaway articulates how new technology issues affect the work of librarians. In particular, Gassaway examines the ramifications of electronic journals, the copying of such journals, licensing agreements, and copyright imperialism. Gassaway also provides an overview of copyright law as it applies to librarians. Gassaway conservatively implies that copyright and fair use law will not be made defunct by new information technology.

Gluck, M., & Logan, E. (Eds.). (1997). Electronic publishing: applications and implications. Medford,
     NJ: Information Today.
     This American Society of Information Science monograph is a helpful overview of the anecdotal aspects of electronic publishing. Among the chapters on SGML, electronic access, copyright, and management techniques, there are several more distinctive chapters on cataloging and book reviews. The timely information presented could be helpful for future reference, and there is a comprehensive index.

Guernsey, L. (1997, ). Those who publish on line fear they suffer in tenure reviews. The Chronicle of
    Higher Education, A21.
     Guernsey relates incidents both from those who have felt hindered in tenure review by electronic scholarly communication and from those who have received tenure for electronic scholarship. Guernsey reports that there are few written guidelines available for gauging electronic scholarship for the purpose of tenure review. However, this article does mention that the Modern Language Association has published some guidelines for the evaluation of electronic works.

Guernsey, L. (1999, ). With web skills -- and now tenure -- a professor promotes improved teaching.
     The Chronicle for Higher Education, A24.
     This article describes the success story of Randy Bass, a scholar in English and American Studies who attained tenure at Georgetown after presenting his online "course portfolio," which included descriptions of what he taught and why he taught the way he did. The article provides the URL for Dr. Bass's website, where readers may gauge his work for themselves. This article is useful for anyone considering presenting his or her tenure committee with electronic materials.

Harrison, T. M., & Stephen, T. (1996). Computer networking and scholarly communication in the
     twenty-first-century. Albany: SUNY Press.
     This is the edited collection from which the introductory chapter assigned for this class comes. This volume presents a comprehensive overview of the relationship between scholarly communication and computer networks in the present and predictions for future. The sections explore the use of a wide range of vehicles for CMC in scholarly communication, including listservs, online journals, hypermedia systems, MOOs/MUDs, and digitized collections of archival materials. The authors speculate on the ways in which these forms of communication can reconfigure relationships between teachers, scholars, students and librarians. In spite of the speed of technological change in the last three years, this volume is remarkably current, and we highly recommend it.

Lynch, C. (1997). Identifiers and their roles in networked information applications. CAUSE/EFFECT,
     4(3).
     Available: http://www.educause.edu/ir/libary/html/cem9743.html [1999, 4/12].
     Lynch surveys current developments in designing and implementing scheme to attach permanent identifiers to digital documents. Such identifiers are essential to allow for reliable location of electronic resources as they move between physical and virtual locations and to allow for the interoperability of cataloging systems using protocols such as Z39.50. Lynch explains the promise of the Universal Resource Number (URN) standard being developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force, which would attach a unique identifier to each electronic document and implement as infrastructure, analogous to the DNS system, which would resolve the URN into one or more URLs. URNs are compared to the Digital Object Identifier system being pushed by the Association of American Publishers, which is more ecommerced-oriented. Authors who wished to cite a work by its DOI would need to obtain the DOI from its author or some third party, possibly for a price.

MLA Committee on Computers and Emerging Technologies. (1996, 2/2/99). Guidelines for evaluating
     computer-related work in the modern languages. Modern Language Association.
     Available: http://www.mla.org/reports/ccet_guidlines.htm [1999, 4/12/99].
     These guidelines are useful to both tenure review boards and to tenure candidates. Also, this is the only resource we found which dealt specifically with electronic media for tenure evaluation. The MLA. deals primarily with modern language departments, but the guidelines in this document are useful across many disciplines.

Odlyzko, A. (1997). The economics of electronic journals. First Monday, 8(2).
     Available: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue2_8/odlyzko/ [1999, 4/12].
     Odlyzko argues that the pricing structure of scholarly journals will be stripped of its current inefficiencies as journal publishing migrates from print to the Internet.

Paecke, A., Ghang, C.-C. K., Garcia-Molina, H., & Winograd, T. (1998). Interoperability for digital
     libraries worldwide. Communications of the ACM, 41(4), 33-42.
    Interoperability will be a central issue in using information networks in scholarly communication as we move into an age of ubiquitous computing. The authors of this article describe a systems approach to interoperability between digital libraries and amongst computer systems within them. In its earliest form, interoperability was only possible between homogenous systems using interchange protocols such as Z39.50. Object-oriented, language-independent technologies, such as CORBA, currently allow communication between heterogeneous systems. The authors set a long-term goal of interoperability between all systems without the need for prior coordination of any sort.

Page, G., Campbell, R., & Meadows, J. (1997). Journal publishing. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
     An overview of the cost and pricing structures for scholarly journals in the United Kingdom.

Peek, R., & Newby, G. (Eds.). (1996). Scholarly publishing: the electronic frontier. Cambridge: MIT
     Press.
     A collection of essays that explore the role of electronic publishing in academe and what affect electronic publishing will have on scholarly communication in the future. Several essays are particularly noteworthy. Robin P. Peek's "Scholarly Publishing: Facing the New Frontiers" discusses the importance of publishing in the academic community, the difficulties often encountered locating print materials or publishing a paper in print format, and the present need to establish a framework so that electronic publishing will be successful in the future. Clifford Lynch's "Integrity Issues in Electronic Publishing" makes a comparison between the strengths and weaknesses of print and electronic information formats by focusing on systems of citations, difficulties in determining the version of an electronic work, and distribution channels for electronic and print materials. Lisa Freeman's "The University Press in the Electronic Future" concentrates on the importance of university presses in the transformation to electronic publishing.

Quint, B. (1998). Clifford Lynch: the next generation. Searcher, 6(4), 42-49.
     An interview with Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) director Clifford Lynch in which Lynch discusses his views on the future of scholarly communication. Lynch covers CNI's involvement with university presses, the potential for university presses to utilize electronic publishing, and the role libraries and librarians will have in providing access to electronic information. In the future, Lynch claims, libraries will have the opportunity to become "major information providers" in new ways. While there is the possibility that libraries could follow the lead of Stanford University's Highwire Press and become journal publishers, Lynch sees substantial opportunities for libraries, archives, and museums to digitize their special collections.

Samuelson, P. (1994). Copyright's fair use doctrine and digital data. Communications of the ACM,
     37(1), 21-26.
     Samuelson describes how new technologies threaten existing copyright law. Samuelson examines the dangers posed by hypertext linking, the transmission of digital data, and versioning. In addition, the methods of dealing with copyright with copyright concerns are addressed. This piece is a thorough analysis of the changing face of copyright law from a legal perspective.

Scholarly communication and technology: papers from the conference. (1997).The Andrew W. Mellon
     Foundation.
     Available: http://arl.cni.org/scomm/scat/index.html [1999, 4/12].
     Held at Emory University on April 24-25, 1997, this conference addresses the use of technology with scholarly communication, highlighting cost issues, user acceptance, patterns of use, technical standards, copyright, and the need for cooperation and dedication among scholars, librarians, and publishers. At the above URL there is a conference program organized by session subject, listing the presenter, their institution, and the title of their paper, which links to the full text. This conference provides a helpful overview of the beginning mainstream use, problems, and concerns with technologically enhanced scholarly communication. Soon this site will become a historical record of how certain initiatives began.

Shardanand, U., & Maes, P. (1995). Social information filtering: algorithms for automating "word of
    mouth". Paper presented at the CHI95, Denver, CO.
    A technical introduction to the theory behind collaborative filtering, an important technology for using the power of statistical analysis to make scholarly communication over information networks more powerful and efficient. Shardanand, Upendra, and Maes, researchers the Media Lab at MIT, explain collaborative filtering's underlying metaphor: automating the process of information recommendation through "word of mouth" that has always been an essential aspect of scholarly communication. They go on the explain some basic algorithms for doing collaborative filtering and test their effectiveness empirically. Maes went on the found Firefly, one of the three most successful collaborative filtering companies (the others are Net Perceptions and Andromedia), to put this work into commercial use.

Star, S. L., & Ruhleder, K. (1997). Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure and access for large
     information spaces. Information Systems Research, 7(1), 111-134.
     Star and Ruhleder present the results of their ethnographic study of the Worm Community System (WCS), a powerful networked software "collaboratory" designed to facilitate the scholarly communication of a community of geneticists studying the same species in labs across the world. The authors present an extremely useful definition of what and when an information system can be considered infrastructure and explain the role of network externalities in determining the success or failure of large-scale scholarly communication systems. Because the WCS largely failed to become to infrastructure for many scholars in the community, Star and Ruhleder employ Bateson's theory of levels of learning to explain the complex interaction of social and technical effects set in motion by the introduction of new technology into a scholarly communication ecology. Many of the difficulties that were experienced with the WCS can be avoided by future developers due to the widespread accessibility of the WWW as medium for communication.

Stodolsky, D. S. (1995). Consensus journals: invitational journals based on peer review. Information
    Society, 11, 247-260.
     Stodolsky describes a model of an electronic journal based on statistically located cultural consensus within the readership that combines the advantages of peer-reviewed and invitational journals. The system solicits anonymous reviews from participants with interests similar to the topic of a newly submitted article. Two positions of consensus based on reviewers' ratings are calculated and the review status of the document is changed according to the results. The system then invites the reviewers closest to the consensus positions to contribute new articles that build upon those reviewed. This model is a strong example of the power of electronic scholarly communication to better document and mediate the process of disciplinary production and authorization of knowledge.

Summerville, M. C. (1998). Online books: what roles will they play for users of the academic library? In
     C. LaGuardia & B. A. Mitchell (Eds.), Finding common ground: creating the library of the future
     without diminishing the library of the past . New York: Neal-Schuman.
     Provides the results of an empirical study that measured the use of books by faculty and graduate students in several disciplines at Columbia University. The research centered on the participants' experience with computer-assisted communication and research, the design features of printed books, such as Table of Contents and headings, that they considered necessary in a scholarly books, and their possible use of online books. A frequent complaint among the study's participants was the difficulty met in obtaining books in print format that were necessary for their research. The article concludes with the author's recommendations for designing online books, choosing what type of books to put online, and the steps libraries need to follow to assure that its users have access to electronic books.

Thiele, H. (1998). The Dublin core and Warwick framework: a review of the literature 1995-1997.
     D-Lib Magazine(January).
     Available: http://www.dlib.org/january98/01thiele.html [1999, 4/12].
     Developing standardized, powerful, and easy-to-use metadata formats is essential to allow for effective searching of scholarly resources on the Internet. This article surveys the literature on the Dublin Core, the most widely accepted and most flexible syntax-independent metadata standard, and the Warwick Framework, a modularized extension to the core. Thiele identifies the key events, venues, papers, and researching in the genesis and evolution of these two standards over their first two years.

University of California. President's Office. Academic personnel manual: section II, appointments and promotion. (1999, 3/10/99).
Available: http://www.ucop.edu/acadadv/acadpers/apm/sec2.html [1999, 3/9].

Varian, H. R. (1998). The future of electronic journals. The Journal of Electronic Publishing, 4(1).
     Available: http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/04-01/varian.html [1999, 4/12].
     Varian first looks at the underlying supply of and demand for the products of scholarly communication then explains how the technological advances possible with electronic publishing might change how that supply is expressed and how that demand is sated.

Vickery, J. (1998). The legal deposit of electronic publications. Against the Grain, 10(1), 36-40.
     Vickery provides a brief history of legal deposit, then quickly outlines present concerns with electronic publications and legal deposit. Electronic publications must be made available for future generations. Since many libraries may not be able to legally archive electronic publications, a legal deposit library needs to be available to archive and maintain these electronic publications.

Watkinson, A. (1999). What the scientist really wants form electronic journals? Against the Grain,
    10(6), 26-28.
     Watkinson illuminates the dichotomy between the scientist as an author and the scientist as a user with electronic journals. The desire of most scientists is for quickly accessible, peer reviewed, cheap, respected journals. Watkinson holds up the British SuperJournal, and mentions the HighWire Press, as examples of initiatives to incorporate the many desires of scientists.

Wood, D. J. (1998). Peer review and the web: the implications of electronic peer review for biomedical
     authors, referees and learned society publishers. Journal of Documentation, 54,173-197.
     This article provides an in-depth discussion of the process of peer review itself, comparing electronic to traditional peer review. Wood points out areas of concern to those considering an electronic peer review process, such as ensuring that any works under review (and their accompanying graphics) will be readable across computer platforms (Mac, PC & clones, and UNIX). The Journal of Documentation is British, but the concerns this article addresses are constant across national boundaries. Wood includes a proposal for a potentially viable web-based reviewing system.

Young, J. R. (1998, February 13). Requiring these in digital form: the first year at Virginia Tech. The
    Chronicle of Higher Education, 44, A29.
     Young's article examines the initial reactions to Virginia Tech's implementation in 1997 of a requirement that all dissertations and theses be submitted in electronic format. Supporters of the requirement argue that making dissertations and theses available online allows students to offer different types of information (e.g., color photographs, sounds, and simulations) in their work and improves access for readers. Supporting the claim that placing the dissertations and theses online improves access, the author notes how one online dissertation on cellular-telephone networks was accessed over 7,000 times in one year. To the contrary, opponents of the requirement argue that making theses and dissertations available on the Web could possibly hinder future efforts to have the same material printed in either a book or journal format.